通過工作計(jì)劃可以建立工作的優(yōu)先級順序確保最重要的任務(wù)得到妥善處理，工作計(jì)劃有助于監(jiān)控和評估項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)展，以及識別潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以下是范文社小編精心為您推薦的開題報(bào)告前工作計(jì)劃5篇，供大家參考。
開題報(bào)告前工作計(jì)劃篇1
選題的原因、基本內(nèi)容：
英語成語(idiom)是英語的核心與精華。其內(nèi)容豐富，寓意深刻，具有濃厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、談話或?qū)ν饨煌?，恰?dāng)?shù)丶右赃\(yùn)用，會大大增加語言的表達(dá)能力，收到良好的效果。英語諺語是英語語言的精華，是英國藝術(shù)寶庫的瑰麗明珠。英語諺語的句式特點(diǎn)是句式簡單，語言精煉，富于形象比喻，充滿濃郁的民族色彩。學(xué)習(xí)和研究英語諺語有助于啟迪思想，開拓視野，了解英國的歷史文化、風(fēng)土人情，以及英國人民的人生哲理，同時(shí)還可以學(xué)到生動活潑的大眾語言。
本文通過比較英漢成語及諺語這兩種語言的相似及不同之處，詳細(xì)的介紹英語成語及諺語。第一部分主要從內(nèi)容和形式兩方面談?wù)動⒄Z成語及諺語的基本特色;第二部分談及英語成語及諺語的一般翻譯方法和翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)該注意的一些問題。
相關(guān)資料收集情況：
陳亞光。小議英諺語和成語的創(chuàng)新。上海外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，1983。
黃粉保。英漢成語翻譯漫談。云夢學(xué)刊，1999/2
顧雪梁。語成語英譯探索。廣州師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，1993/2。
張培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭謨禹?！队h翻譯教程》。北京：x外語教育出版社，xx/8
楊永和。英語諺語的修辭特點(diǎn)研究。重慶工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),xx/3。
論文提綱：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
開題報(bào)告前工作計(jì)劃篇2
開題報(bào)告
論文題目：《會計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)》
選題的目的和意義：會計(jì)職業(yè)道德是會計(jì)行業(yè)發(fā)展的前提和基礎(chǔ)，也是會計(jì)從業(yè)人員素質(zhì)的重要體現(xiàn)。隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，我國企業(yè)的會計(jì)工作日趨復(fù)雜，會計(jì)工作的重要性越來越受到社會關(guān)注。然而，隨著市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的深入發(fā)展，我國會計(jì)職業(yè)道德水平在不斷下滑，如何加強(qiáng)會計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)成為人們關(guān)注的重要話題。更值得人們關(guān)注的是，在會計(jì)教學(xué)中，職業(yè)道德學(xué)習(xí)往往被忽視，尤其在大學(xué)會計(jì)教育中，學(xué)校更注重專業(yè)技能的培養(yǎng)，會計(jì)職業(yè)道德被放在次要的地位，甚至不會去開設(shè)專門的職業(yè)道德學(xué)習(xí)課程，這就造成學(xué)生內(nèi)心對職業(yè)道德培養(yǎng)不夠重視，從而導(dǎo)致職業(yè)道德水平低下。這些問題是非常值得我們?nèi)ド钏嫉摹?/p>
朱镕基總理曾經(jīng)提出“誠信為本、操守為重、堅(jiān)持原則、不做假賬”這一簡單而又重要的要求，這就要求會計(jì)從業(yè)人員要時(shí)刻謹(jǐn)記會計(jì)職業(yè)道德的培養(yǎng)和學(xué)習(xí)，在工作中嚴(yán)格要求自己，以會計(jì)職業(yè)道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量自己的言行。要想成為一名合格的會計(jì)從業(yè)人員，職業(yè)道德學(xué)習(xí)不能有絲毫放松，只有在具有良好的職業(yè)道德的前提下，自己的專業(yè)能力才能得到最大發(fā)揮，好剛才能用到刀刃上。因此，會計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)將是一個(gè)永不落伍的話題。
論文結(jié)構(gòu)及主要內(nèi)容：全文主要分為五大部分，首先要闡明會計(jì)職業(yè)道德的主要內(nèi)容和必要性;其次是關(guān)于會計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)在會計(jì)高等教育中的重要性，這將是本文最重要的部分;然后是會計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)與法律的相結(jié)合討論;還要說明領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的配合與支持是會計(jì)職業(yè)道德得以推廣的重要保障;最后要討論會計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)再教育的重要性。
開題報(bào)告前工作計(jì)劃篇3
研究生學(xué)位論文質(zhì)量的高低是衡量研究生培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量的重要標(biāo)志。而論文水x的高低，很大程度上取決于開題報(bào)告的質(zhì)量。開題報(bào)告做的細(xì)致，前期雖然花費(fèi)時(shí)間較多，但寫起論文來就很順手，能夠做到胸有成竹，從而保證論文在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)保質(zhì)保量地完成;但如果不重視開題報(bào)告，視開題報(bào)告為走過場，寫起論文來就會沒有目標(biāo)，沒有方向，沒有思路，可能就要多走彎路，也很難保證論文的質(zhì)量。
一開題報(bào)告的意義
開題報(bào)告是研究生在完成調(diào)研后寫成的關(guān)于學(xué)位論文選題與如何實(shí)施的論述性報(bào)告。開題報(bào)告既是文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研的聚焦點(diǎn)，又是學(xué)位論文研究工作展開的散射點(diǎn)，對研究工作起到定位作用。
寫開題報(bào)告的目的是要請老師及專家們幫忙判斷一下研究選題有沒有價(jià)值，研究方法是否奏效，論證邏輯有沒有明顯缺陷。因此開題報(bào)告就要圍繞研究的主要內(nèi)容，擬解決的主要(或闡述的主要觀點(diǎn))，研究步驟、方法及措施為主要內(nèi)容。如果在開題報(bào)告中花費(fèi)大量筆墨敘述別人的研究成果，而對自己的研究方法寥寥數(shù)語一筆帶過，則不便于評審老師指導(dǎo)。
二怎樣寫好開題報(bào)告
(一) 通過思維選擇課題
研究生的開題報(bào)告普遍存在選題不合適的問題。有的提出的問題太“x庸”，有的選題范圍太大，研究內(nèi)容太多、太寬泛，提出的問題不切合碩士生的實(shí)際，實(shí)踐操作起來難度較大。因此應(yīng)確定研究內(nèi)容，注重項(xiàng)目的可操作性。
應(yīng)通過理論思維來發(fā)現(xiàn)研究問題。研究生論文要想創(chuàng)造新理論很難，多數(shù)是在既有理論的基礎(chǔ)上加以發(fā)展。其次，選擇問題是一個(gè)“剝皮”的過程，理論問題總是深深地隱藏在復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實(shí)背后，而發(fā)現(xiàn)理論問題，則需要運(yùn)用理論思維的能力。這就需要我們不斷鍛煉和提高自己的理論思維能力，需要在日常的學(xué)習(xí)中，不斷總結(jié)和分析以往的研究者大體是從哪些視角來分析和研究問題，運(yùn)用了哪些理論工具和方法，通過學(xué)習(xí)和總結(jié)來不斷提高自己的理論思維能力，從而選擇具有學(xué)術(shù)理論價(jià)值和應(yīng)用價(jià)值，并與國家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)及導(dǎo)師承擔(dān)的科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目緊密結(jié)合的研究問題。
(二) 做好文獻(xiàn)綜述，為開題報(bào)告打好基礎(chǔ)
研究生學(xué)位論文開題報(bào)告出現(xiàn)的普遍問題是對文獻(xiàn)研讀不夠，對研究背景了解不夠深入，對研究方向上國內(nèi)外的具體進(jìn)展情況了解不夠全面、詳細(xì)，資料引用的針對性、可比性不強(qiáng)。有很多學(xué)生沒有完全搞清開題報(bào)告與文獻(xiàn)綜述的區(qū)別，他們的開題報(bào)告有很多僅僅是對前人工作的敘述，而對自己的工作介紹甚少。
要想寫好開題報(bào)告，必須認(rèn)真研讀文獻(xiàn)，對所研究的課題有個(gè)初步的了解，知道別人都做了哪些工作，哪些方面可以作為自己研究的切入點(diǎn)。因此，文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研的深入和全面程度，會相當(dāng)程度地影響開題報(bào)告的質(zhì)量，是學(xué)生充分發(fā)揮主觀能動性的客觀基礎(chǔ)。
(三) 開題報(bào)告的內(nèi)容及寫作技巧
1開題報(bào)告的內(nèi)容
一個(gè)清晰的選題，往往已經(jīng)隱含著論文的基本結(jié)論。對現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的缺點(diǎn)的評論，也基本暗含著改進(jìn)的方向。開題報(bào)告就是要把這些暗含的結(jié)論、論證結(jié)論的邏輯推理，清楚地展現(xiàn)出來。開題報(bào)告的總步驟是：課題選擇—課題綜述—論題選擇—開題報(bào)告。開題報(bào)告的基本內(nèi)容主要包括：選題的意義;研究的主要內(nèi)容;擬解決的主要問題(闡述的主要觀點(diǎn));研究(工作)步驟、方法及措施;畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))提綱;主要參考文獻(xiàn)。開題報(bào)告的一般內(nèi)容包括：
(1) 課題來源、開題依據(jù)和背景情況，課題研究目的以及理論意義和實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
(2) 文獻(xiàn)綜述。在閱讀規(guī)定文獻(xiàn)量(不少于50篇其中外文文獻(xiàn)占40%以上)的基礎(chǔ)上，著重闡述該研究課題國內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展動態(tài)，同時(shí)介紹查閱文獻(xiàn)的范圍以及查閱方式、手段。
(3) 主要研究內(nèi)容。包括學(xué)術(shù)構(gòu)思、研究方法、關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的難點(diǎn)、解決的方法和措施以及預(yù)期目標(biāo)。
(4) 擬采用的實(shí)驗(yàn)手段，所需科研和實(shí)驗(yàn)條件，估計(jì)課題工作量和所需經(jīng)費(fèi)，研究工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃。
(5) 主要參考文獻(xiàn)，列出至少10篇所查閱參考的文獻(xiàn)。
2寫好開題報(bào)告的技巧
(1) 提出問題注意“層次”
選題是撰寫學(xué)術(shù)論文的第一步，選題是否妥當(dāng)，直接關(guān)系到論文的質(zhì)量，甚至關(guān)系到論文的成功與否。不同于政策研究報(bào)告，學(xué)術(shù)文章聚焦理論層面、解決理論問題。有的學(xué)生的選題不具有新穎性，內(nèi)容沒有創(chuàng)新，僅僅是對前人工作的總結(jié)，或是對前人工作的重復(fù)。在選題時(shí)要堅(jiān)持先進(jìn)性、科學(xué)性、實(shí)用性及可行性的原則。在提出問題時(shí)，要以“內(nèi)行”看得懂的術(shù)語和明確的邏輯來表述。選題來源包括: 1、與自己實(shí)際工作或科研工作相關(guān)的、較為熟悉的問題;2、自己從事的專業(yè)某問題發(fā)展迅速需要綜合評價(jià);3、從掌握的大量文獻(xiàn)中選擇反映本學(xué)科的新理論、新技術(shù)或新動向的題目。所選題目不宜過大，越具體越容易收集資料，從某一個(gè)側(cè)面入手，容易深入。
(2) 瞄準(zhǔn)主流文獻(xiàn)，隨時(shí)整理
文獻(xiàn)資料是撰寫好學(xué)術(shù)論文的基礎(chǔ)，文獻(xiàn)越多，就越好寫，選擇文獻(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)選擇本學(xué)科的核心期刊、經(jīng)典著作等，要注意所選文獻(xiàn)的代表性、可靠性及科學(xué)性;選擇文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看遠(yuǎn)期的，廣泛閱讀資料，有必要時(shí)還應(yīng)找到有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)所引用的原文閱讀，在閱讀時(shí)，注意做好讀書卡片或讀書筆記。
整理資料時(shí)，要注意按照問題來組織文獻(xiàn)資料，寫文獻(xiàn)綜述時(shí)不是將看過的資料都羅列和陳述出來，而是要按照一定的思路將其提煉出來。只有這樣，才能寫出好的文獻(xiàn)綜述，也才能寫出好的開題報(bào)告，進(jìn)而為寫出好的論文打下基礎(chǔ)。
(3) 研究目標(biāo)具體而不死板
開題報(bào)告一般要明確學(xué)位論文的研究目標(biāo)，但研究目標(biāo)也不宜規(guī)定得太死板。學(xué)位論文選題和研究目標(biāo)體現(xiàn)了研究工作的價(jià)值特征。
為了保證研究生的培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量，提高論文質(zhì)量，就必須對開題報(bào)告進(jìn)行評價(jià)。開題報(bào)告會由3～5位相關(guān)學(xué)科的專家對開題報(bào)告進(jìn)行評議，不同學(xué)科的開題報(bào)告的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。開題報(bào)告會上研究生應(yīng)對課題進(jìn)行詳細(xì)匯報(bào)，并對專家提問做出必要的解釋和說明。開題報(bào)告的成績考核以合格、不合格記。評審小組成員最后簽名并給出學(xué)生是否合格的評審意見，并以百分制打出具體的分?jǐn)?shù)。開題報(bào)告成績不合格者，不得進(jìn)入課題研究。
為了提高論文質(zhì)量，研究生必須首先從思想上重視開題報(bào)告，在x時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中注意積累，從各個(gè)方面提高能力，尤其要注意培養(yǎng)通過理論思維發(fā)現(xiàn)研究問題的能力。開題報(bào)告是研究工作的開始，良好的開端為優(yōu)秀的學(xué)位論文奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
博士研究生開題報(bào)告寫作經(jīng)驗(yàn)
一、如何選擇問題
首先，關(guān)注提出問題的“層次”。不同于政策研究報(bào)告，學(xué)術(shù)文章聚焦理論層面、解決理論問題。理論是由一系列前一設(shè)和術(shù)語構(gòu)造的邏輯體系。特定領(lǐng)域的理論有其特定的概念、范疇和研究范式。只有在相同的概念、視角和范式下，理論才能夠?qū)υ?只有通過對話，理論才能夠發(fā)展。極少有碩博淪文是創(chuàng)造新理論的，能這樣當(dāng)然最好，但難度很大。我們多數(shù)是在既有理論的基礎(chǔ)上加以發(fā)展。因此，在提出問題時(shí)，要以“內(nèi)行”看得懂的術(shù)語和明確的邏輯來表述。
其次，選擇問題是一個(gè)“剝筍”的過程。理論問題總是深深的隱藏在紛繁復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實(shí)背后，而發(fā)現(xiàn)理論問題，則需要運(yùn)用理論思維的能力。理論思維的訓(xùn)練是一個(gè)長期積累的過程。不過初學(xué)者也不必望而卻比，大體上可以分“三步走”：第一步，先劃定一個(gè)“興趣范圍”，如體育產(chǎn)業(yè)、公共服務(wù)、農(nóng)村醫(yī)療、高等教育體系等，廣泛瀏覽相關(guān)的媒體報(bào)道、x文獻(xiàn)和和學(xué)術(shù)文章，找到其中的“癥結(jié)”或“熱點(diǎn)”。第二步，總結(jié)以往的研究者大體從哪些理論視角來分析該“癥結(jié)”或“熱點(diǎn)”、運(yùn)用了哪些理論工具，如公共財(cái)政的視角、社會沖突范式等。第三步，考察問題的可研究性，也就是我們自己的研究空間和研究的可行性。例如，利用西方的理論是否無法完全解釋x自身的問題?或者同一個(gè)問題能否用不同的理論來解釋?或者理論本身的前提假設(shè)、邏輯推演是否存在缺陷?通過回答這些問題，我們找到自己研究的立足點(diǎn)。不過還要注意我們的研究在規(guī)定的一到兩年時(shí)間內(nèi)，是否可能完成?資料獲取是否可行等等。
最后，如何陳述問題?陳述問題實(shí)質(zhì)上就是凝練核心觀點(diǎn)的過程。觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)來自對現(xiàn)實(shí)問題的思考和總結(jié)，而不是為了套理論而“削足適履”。x的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展充滿了動態(tài)的、豐富的景象，如何才能用恰當(dāng)?shù)男g(shù)語、準(zhǔn)確的邏輯表述出來?雄心勃勃的初學(xué)者往往提出宏偉的概念或框架，但建議盡可能縮小研究范圍、明確研究對象，從而理清對象的內(nèi)在邏輯，保證能在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成規(guī)范的學(xué)術(shù)論文。
二、如何做文獻(xiàn)綜述
開題報(bào)告前工作計(jì)劃篇4
how to deal with ellipsis in english-chinese translation
i. purpose and significance
with the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. however, the differences between english and chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
it is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in english-chinese rendition. translators apx it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
according to the oxford advanced learner’s english-chinese dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. what could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
some words and phrases are useless in chinese but necessary in english. articles in english are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. they are very important in english, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in chinese. ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic chinese. the paper will explore ellipsis in english-chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among china and english-speaking countries.
ii. literature review
long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. in china, xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the sanskrit sutras into chinese, but introduced the first chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand china’s ancient culture. meanwhile, he was the first to translate lao tse's works into sanskrit. indian scholars had a high opinion of xuanzang, xxxin china, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that xuanzang is the first great translator.xxx(ye lang, 20xx) we can say that it was xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. then, some big countries such as america, china, and so on became a melting pot.(gu zhengkun, 20xx) people have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
with china’s entry into wto and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. a lot of foreign tourists come to visit china. while traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. sometimes, they even feel confused. a lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. all of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (ma zuyi, 20xx). i am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. the love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. but every time when i have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. in order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. of course, translation is one of them. all translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(gu jinming, 1997) from my perspective, they really have done a great job. and i want to retrospect the cause of their development. after a thorough evaluation, i choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from english to chinese, then i did the following jobs.
i put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then i found that it is a common case in english and chinese which draws much academic interest. in 1976, halliday and hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. this classification exerts great influence in academic circle. thereafter, ellipsis in chinese and english has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. this kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in chinese and english.
another famous theory to explain ellipsis is economy principle. economy principle was put forward by chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his generate crammer. it maintains that language and linguistic study follow economy principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. this principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
in this thesis, i think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. and in both english and chinese, people advocate brevity. shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). however, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(hua xianfa,20xx)these functions distribute in both english and chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both english to chinese and chinese to english translation.
i found that when chinese authors try to xyse ellipsis in english to chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. they consider that it is a common phenomenon that chinese always leave out personal articles. while it is obviously different in english that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. that is because when we translate from english to chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. however, it never happens in english. from this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into chinese.
in my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. however, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in china, and we have less influential chinese translators in the world. therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
iii. feasibility analysis
this academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of english-chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both chinese and western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate english competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise english.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject i havechosen.
iv. problems of the research and solutions
1. problems
despite the references i have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in english-chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. what’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in xinjiang, i will have to make full use of my present resources. also, this is the first time i have ever written such a serious academic paper. i am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. solutions
(1) i shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the internet as well.
(2) i shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed xysis that i have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) when i have difficulties in the writing process, i shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
v. necessary conditions
1. our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. the internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the internet.
3. i have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
vi. outline
i. introduction
a. a brief introduction of ellipsis in translation
b. what should we pay attention to when dealing with ellipsis
c. the reason why ellipsis is so widely used in translation
1. chinese expressions are much briefer than that of english
2. english grammar is wee-knit and complete in sentence structure
ii. the principles of ellipsis
a. omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works
b. the meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test
c. omitted words which are self-evident
Ш. the functions and applications of ellipsis
a. the coherence of the meaning of expression
b. the coincidence of the manner of expression
1. ellipsis of articles
a. ellipsis of definite articles
b. ellipsis of indefinite articles
2. ellipsis of prepositions
3. ellipsis of pronouns
a. ellipsis of personal and impersonal pronouns
b. ellipsis of indefinite pronouns
c. ellipsis of relative pronouns
4. ellipsis of conjunctions
a. ellipsis of coordinating conjunctions
b. ellipsis of subordinate conjunctions
5. ellipsis of rhetoric
a. ellipsis of repeated words
b. ellipsis of synonyms
開題報(bào)告前工作計(jì)劃篇5
影視動畫的傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)元素
[關(guān)鍵詞]影視動畫;水墨畫;剪紙藝術(shù);京劇扮相
傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)作為我國五千年優(yōu)秀民族文化的重要成分，是我國勞動人民在發(fā)展過程中創(chuàng)造出來的財(cái)富，具有豐富的文化底蘊(yùn)，多彩的民間文化是我國民族文化的重要組成部分，具有最古老的藝術(shù)韻味，豐富著民族文化的內(nèi)涵，是我國五千年傳統(tǒng)文化的瑰寶。傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)作為民間文化的重要載體，是我國勞動人民集體智慧的結(jié)晶，反映了我國勞動人民對生活的反思、樂觀向上的精神品質(zhì)。因此，影視動畫對傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)元素的應(yīng)用不僅開拓了影視動畫的發(fā)展空間，而且傳揚(yáng)了我國優(yōu)秀的民族文化。
優(yōu)秀的動畫作品不僅要有動人的劇情、鏡頭語言的獨(dú)特性、場景設(shè)計(jì)的完美性，其中優(yōu)秀的角色造型是整部動畫作品的核心，人物的特性、劇情的發(fā)展、作品的風(fēng)格都需要通過角色造型來體現(xiàn)。出色的角色造型能夠給人們留下深刻的印象，如米老鼠與唐老鴨就是海內(nèi)外皆知的經(jīng)典動畫造型，其成功的造型深受人們喜愛，由此華特迪斯尼將動畫發(fā)展為一種商業(yè)藝術(shù)形式，形成了一套產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈并因此獲得了巨大的財(cái)富?，F(xiàn)今的米老鼠與唐老鴨已成為著名的商業(yè)品牌，是國際動畫商業(yè)市場的潮流代表。
一、影視動畫與美術(shù)元素
影視動畫是在造型藝術(shù)與影視藝術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上形成的一門獨(dú)立的藝術(shù)形式，因此影視動畫美術(shù)風(fēng)格的形成深受美術(shù)與電影兩種藝術(shù)類型的雙重影響，造型藝術(shù)的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力、影視藝術(shù)的故事敘述性共同融入影視動畫的創(chuàng)作中，使得影視動畫的美術(shù)風(fēng)格呈現(xiàn)出造型性與實(shí)用性。影視動畫具有藝術(shù)性與寫實(shí)性兩種區(qū)分，藝術(shù)性的影視動畫作品篇幅較短，講究獨(dú)特性、風(fēng)格化，注重繪畫技巧與創(chuàng)新嘗試;而寫實(shí)性的影視動畫作品具有反映現(xiàn)實(shí)的特色，在故事敘述上趨于電影藝術(shù)。
現(xiàn)今，影視動畫的商業(yè)性質(zhì)越來越明顯，加之新技術(shù)的運(yùn)用使影視動畫的美術(shù)風(fēng)格發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變，一是繼續(xù)探究藝術(shù)短片的發(fā)展前景，創(chuàng)作出更多獨(dú)特的新形式;二是將其發(fā)展成為一種產(chǎn)業(yè)形式，以動畫長片為主，具有商業(yè)化，新技術(shù)手段為美國商業(yè)動畫的美術(shù)風(fēng)格增添了新的光彩，顯示出一定的創(chuàng)新性，但這種美術(shù)風(fēng)格卻使動畫樣式受到局限，動畫創(chuàng)作變得模式化、復(fù)制化。
為了滿足人類發(fā)展過程中的需求，中國傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)便應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了，這是人類經(jīng)過長時(shí)間探究自然與生命的成果，折射出人類的精神世界。傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)是中國人民智慧的集合體，經(jīng)過長期社會實(shí)踐的累積使傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)蘊(yùn)涵的主題與寓意得到了升華，無數(shù)的主題體現(xiàn)著人文內(nèi)涵的多姿多彩，傳達(dá)著人們對生命的渴望、對生存的思考、對幸福生活的向往。由此可知，傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)與影視動畫在創(chuàng)作取材上有著共同的來源，即中華五千年優(yōu)秀的歷史文化，因此通過研究傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)的創(chuàng)作主題提煉出優(yōu)秀的元素，這對處于新時(shí)代背景下的影視動畫創(chuàng)作具有極大的幫助，促進(jìn)著我國影視動畫的新發(fā)展。
二、影視動畫的傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)元素
(一)水墨畫
水墨畫是我國傳統(tǒng)繪畫藝術(shù)的主要成分，至今已有一千多年的發(fā)展歷史，體現(xiàn)著中國文化的獨(dú)特審美風(fēng)格。為推動我國影視動畫的發(fā)展，將水墨畫運(yùn)用到動畫制作中，水墨動畫片繼承了傳統(tǒng)水墨畫的特色，并蘊(yùn)涵著豐富的民族文化內(nèi)涵，是中國人對藝術(shù)的創(chuàng)新。水墨動畫片將美學(xué)與民族文化相結(jié)合，通過巧妙的方式將意境、氣韻融入創(chuàng)作中，呈現(xiàn)在作品的格調(diào)與色彩中，令人充滿遐想而引起共鳴，它所體現(xiàn)的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格極具中國文化韻味。
傳統(tǒng)美術(shù)藝術(shù)對我國影視動畫的發(fā)展具有
